iOS

https://developer.apple.com.cn/ios/

核心特性

系统架构

iOS 系统架构分为四个层次，从底层到顶层依次为：

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│        Cocoa Touch 层                          │
│   UIKit、MapKit、MessageUI、PhotoUI 等         │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│         媒体层 (Media)                         │
│   Core Graphics、Core Animation、              │
│   AVFoundation、Core Audio 等                  │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│       核心服务层 (Core Services)               │
│   Core Data、Core Location、                  │
│   Foundation、Security 等                     │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│        核心操作系统层 (Core OS)                │
│   Mach、BSD、System Configuration、            │
│   Security、Keychain 等                       │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

主要特性

安全性：沙盒机制、应用签名、数据加密
流畅体验：Metal 图形 API、流畅的动画效果
生态系统：与 macOS、iPadOS、watchOS、tvOS 无缝协作
应用商店：App Store 拥有数百万款审核通过的应用
多任务处理：支持后台应用运行和切换
硬件集成：深度集成苹果芯片、摄像头、传感器等

版本演进

版本	发布时间	主要特性
iOS 18	2024	Apple 智能（AI）、控制中心自定义、密码应用
iOS 17	2023	StandBy 待机模式、交互式小组件、FaceTime 留言
iOS 16	2022	锁屏自定义、实时活动、Swift Charts
iOS 15	2021	Focus 模式、SharePlay、FaceTime 空间音频
iOS 14	2020	App 资源库、小组件、画中画
iOS 13	2019	暗黑模式、Sign in with Apple、SwiftUI

系统配置与管理

开发者选项

bash

# 通过 Xcode 管理设备
# Window -> Devices and Simulators

# 启用开发者功能
# 设置 -> 隐私与安全性 -> 开发者模式

# 查看设备日志
# Xcode -> Window -> Devices and Simulators -> View Device Logs

应用管理

bash

# 通过 Xcode 安装应用
# 1. 连接设备
# 2. 选择目标设备
# 3. 点击 Run 按钮

# 通过命令行安装（需要 Xcode 命令行工具）
xcodebuild -install -project MyApp.xcodeproj -scheme MyApp -destination 'platform=iOS,name=iPhone' CONFIGURATION_BUILD_DIR=./build

# 查看已安装应用
# Xcode -> Window -> Devices and Simulators -> Installed Apps

# 导出应用
# Xcode -> Product -> Archive -> Export

权限管理

swift

// 在 Info.plist 中配置权限
// Info.plist
<key>NSCameraUsageDescription</key>
<string>需要访问相机以拍摄照片</string>
<key>NSPhotoLibraryUsageDescription</key>
<string>需要访问相册以选择照片</string>
<key>NSLocationWhenInUseUsageDescription</key>
<string>需要获取位置以提供服务</string>
<key>NSMicrophoneUsageDescription</key>
<string>需要访问麦克风以录制音频</string>

// 在运行时请求权限
import PhotosUI

// 相机权限
func requestCameraPermission() {
    AVCaptureDevice.requestAccess(for: .video) { granted in
        if granted {
            // 使用相机
        }
    }
}

// 位置权限
func requestLocationPermission() {
    locationManager.requestWhenInUseAuthorization()
}

// 相册权限
func requestPhotoPermission() {
    PHPhotoLibrary.requestAuthorization(for: .readWrite) { status in
        // 处理权限状态
    }
}

命令行工具

Xcode 命令行工具

bash

# 安装命令行工具
xcode-select --install

# 查看已安装版本
xcode-select --version

# 选择 Xcode 版本
sudo xcode-select -s /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer

# 查看可用的模拟器
xcrun simctl list devices available

# 启动模拟器
xcrun simctl boot "iPhone 15"

# 列出可用的 SDK
xcodebuild -showsdks

# 获取设备信息
xcrun simctl list devices
xcrun instruments -s devices

Xcodebuild 常用命令

bash

# 构建项目
xcodebuild -project MyApp.xcodeproj \
    -scheme MyApp \
    -destination 'platform=iOS Simulator,name=iPhone 15' \
    build

# 构建 Archive
xcodebuild -project MyApp.xcodeproj \
    -scheme MyApp \
    -archivePath build/MyApp \
    archive

# 导出 IPA
xcodebuild -exportArchive \
    -archivePath build/MyApp.xcarchive \
    -exportPath ./output \
    -exportOptionsPlist ExportOptions.plist

# 运行测试
xcodebuild test \
    -project MyApp.xcodeproj \
    -scheme MyApp \
    -destination 'platform=iOS Simulator,name=iPhone 15'

# 代码分析
xcodebuild analyze \
    -project MyApp.xcodeproj \
    -scheme MyApp

# 清理构建
xcodebuild clean \
    -project MyApp.xcodeproj \
    -scheme MyApp

Swift Package Manager

bash

# 初始化 Package
swift package init

# 解析依赖
swift package resolve

# 更新依赖
swift package update

# 构建 Package
swift build

# 运行测试
swift test

# 生成 Xcode 项目
swift package generate-xcodeproj

# 列出可用的 Package
swift package search Alamofire

# 获取 Package 信息
swift package show-dependencies

其他常用命令

bash

# 截屏
xcrun simctl io booted screenshot screenshot.png

# 录制屏幕
xcrun simctl io booted recordVideo screenRecording.mov

# 安装应用到模拟器
xcrun simctl install booted app.app

# 启动应用
xcrun simctl launch booted com.example.app

# 列出正在运行的进程
xcrun simctl list_processes booted

# 发送模拟操作
xcrun simctl bootstatus booted -b  # 模拟按下电源键

# 重置模拟器
xcrun simctl erase all

开发环境配置

Xcode 安装与配置

bash

# 通过 App Store 安装
# 或从 Apple Developer 网站下载

# 验证安装
xcodebuild -version
# 输出：Xcode 15.0 Build version 15A240d

# 查看组件
xcodebuild -showsdks
# 输出：
# iOS SDK 17.0
# iOS Simulator 17.0
# macOS SDK 14.0

# 安装额外的模拟器
xcodebuild -downloadPlatform iOS

# 配置主题和快捷键
# Preferences -> Themes
# Preferences -> Key Bindings

Swift 环境

bash

# 查看 Swift 版本
swift --version
# 输出：Swift version 5.9

# 启动 Swift REPL
swift

# 编译 Swift 文件
swiftc -o hello hello.swift

# 运行脚本
swift hello.swift

# 使用 Swift Package Manager
swift package init
swift package update
swift build

模拟器管理

bash

# 列出所有模拟器
xcrun simctl list devices all

# 创建自定义模拟器
xcrutl simctl create "My iPhone" "iPhone 15" "com.apple.CoreSimulator.SimRuntime.iOS-17-0"

# 删除模拟器
xcrun simctl delete "My iPhone"

# 启动模拟器
open -a Simulator

# 模拟器快捷键
# Command + 1/2/3/4  调整窗口大小
# Command + S        截屏
# Command + R        旋转设备
# Command + Shift + H  返回主屏幕
# Command + Shift + M  模拟主屏幕按钮

环境变量配置

bash

# 在 ~/.zshrc 或 ~/.bash_profile 中配置

# 设置 Xcode 默认版本
export DEVELOPER_DIR=/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer

# 设置 iOS 模拟器路径
export SIMULATOR_HOME=~/Library/Developer/CoreSimulator/Devices

# 设置 Swift Package 镜像
export SWIFT_BINARY_RE=https://example.com/swift-pm
export SWIFT_FORMAT_BINARY_RE=https://example.com/swift-format

# 设置代码签名身份
export CODE_SIGN_IDENTITY="Apple Development"
export CODE_SIGN_STYLE=Automatic

# 设置Provisioning Profile路径
export PROVISIONING_PROFILE=~/Library/MobileDevice/Provisioning\ Profiles

开发最佳实践

项目结构推荐

swift

// 推荐的目录结构
MyApp/
├── MyApp/
│   ├── App/
│   │   ├── MyAppApp.swift
│   │   └── AppDelegate.swift
│   ├── Core/
│   │   ├── Networking/
│   │   ├── Database/
│   │   └── Utilities/
│   ├── Features/
│   │   ├── Home/
│   │   ├── Profile/
│   │   └── Settings/
│   ├── Models/
│   ├── Views/
│   ├── ViewModels/
│   └── Resources/
│       ├── Assets.xcassets
│       └── Localizable.strings
├── MyAppTests/
├── MyAppUITests/
├── Pods/                # 如果使用 CocoaPods
├── project.yml          # XcodeGen 配置
├── Podfile              # CocoaPods 配置
├── Podfile.lock
├── setup.sh             # 环境设置脚本
└── MyApp.xcworkspace/   # Xcode 工作区

Swift 代码规范

swift

// 1. 使用访问控制
public struct User: Identifiable, Codable {
    public let id: UUID
    public var name: String
    public var email: String

    public init(id: UUID, name: String, email: String) {
        self.id = id
        self.name = name
        self.email = email
    }
}

// 2. 使用协议扩展
protocol NetworkServiceProtocol {
    func fetchData() async throws -> Data
}

extension NetworkServiceProtocol {
    func fetchData() async throws -> Data {
        // 默认实现
    }
}

// 3. 使用 Property Wrappers
@propertyWrapper
struct UserDefault<T> {
    let key: String
    let defaultValue: T

    var wrappedValue: T {
        get {
            UserDefaults.standard.object(forKey: key) as? T ?? defaultValue
        }
        set {
            UserDefaults.standard.set(newValue, forKey: key)
        }
    }

// 4. 使用 Result Builder
@resultBuilder
struct ViewBuilder {
    static func buildBlock(_ components: View...) -> some View {
        VStack(alignment: .leading) {
            ForEach(Array(components.enumerated()), id: \.offset) { index, component in
                component
                if index < components.count - 1 {
                    Divider()
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

性能优化技巧

swift

// 1. 使用 LazyView 延迟加载视图
struct LazyView<Content: View>: View {
    let build: () -> Content
    init(_ build: @escaping () -> Content) {
        self.build = build
    }
    var body: Content {
        build()
    }
}

// 使用方式
NavigationLink(destination: LazyView(DetailView())) {
    Text("Navigate")
}

// 2. 使用 AsyncImage 异步加载图片
AsyncImage(url: URL(string: "https://example.com/image.jpg")) { phase in
    switch phase {
    case .empty:
        ProgressView()
    case .success(let image):
        image.resizable()
    case .failure:
        Image(systemName: "photo")
    @unknown default:
        EmptyView()
    }
}

// 3. 使用 List 的惰性加载
List(0..<1000) { index in
    LazyView(Text("Row \(index)"))
}
.listStyle(.plain)

// 4. 使用 @MainActor 确保在主线程更新 UI
@MainActor
class ViewModel: ObservableObject {
    @Published var items: [Item] = []

    func loadData() async {
        items = await fetchItems()
    }
}

// 5. 使用 Task Group 并发处理
func fetchAllData() async throws -> [Data] {
    try await withThrowingTaskGroup(of: Data.self) { group in
        for url in urls {
            group.addTask {
                try await URLSession.shared.data(from: url).0
            }
        }
        var results: [Data] = []
        for try await data in group {
            results.append(data)
        }
        return results
    }
}

网络请求封装

swift

// NetworkService.swift
enum NetworkError: Error, LocalizedError {
    case invalidURL
    case noData
    case decodingError(Error)
    case serverError(Int)
    case unknown

    var errorDescription: String? {
        switch self {
        case .invalidURL:
            return "无效的 URL"
        case .noData:
            return "没有数据返回"
        case .decodingError(let error):
            return "解码错误：\(error.localizedDescription)"
        case .serverError(let code):
            return "服务器错误：\(code)"
        case .unknown:
            return "未知错误"
        }
    }
}

actor NetworkService {
    static let shared = NetworkService()
    private let session: URLSession
    private let decoder: JSONDecoder

    private init() {
        let config = URLSessionConfiguration.default
        config.timeoutIntervalForRequest = 30
        config.timeoutIntervalForResource = 60
        config.waitsForConnectivity = true
        self.session = URLSession(configuration: config)
        self.decoder = JSONDecoder()
        self.decoder.dateDecodingStrategy = .iso8601
    }

    func request<T: Decodable>(_ endpoint: APIEndpoint) async throws -> T {
        guard let url = endpoint.url else {
            throw NetworkError.invalidURL
        }

        let (data, response) = try await session.data(from: url)

        guard let httpResponse = response as? HTTPURLResponse else {
            throw NetworkError.unknown
        }

        guard (200...299).contains(httpResponse.statusCode) else {
            throw NetworkError.serverError(httpResponse.statusCode)
        }

        do {
            return try decoder.decode(T.self, from: data)
        } catch {
            throw NetworkError.decodingError(error)
        }
    }
}

enum APIEndpoint {
    case users
    case user(id: Int)
    case posts
    case post(id: Int)

    var url: URL? {
        switch self {
        case .users:
            return URL(string: "https://api.example.com/users")
        case .user(let id):
            return URL(string: "https://api.example.com/users/\(id)")
        case .posts:
            return URL(string: "https://api.example.com/posts")
        case .post(let id):
            return URL(string: "https://api.example.com/posts/\(id)")
        }
    }
}

本地数据存储

swift

// 1. UserDefaults 封装
final class UserDefaultsManager {
    private let defaults: UserDefaults

    enum Keys {
        static let isLoggedIn = "isLoggedIn"
        static let userToken = "userToken"
        static let userPreferences = "userPreferences"
    }

    static let shared = UserDefaultsManager()

    private init() {
        if let suiteName = Bundle.main.infoDictionary?["AppGroupIdentifier"] as? String {
            self.defaults = UserDefaults(suiteName: suiteName) ?? .standard
        } else {
            self.defaults = .standard
        }
    }

    var isLoggedIn: Bool {
        get { defaults.bool(forKey: Keys.isLoggedIn) }
        set { defaults.set(newValue, forKey: Keys.isLoggedIn) }
    }

    var userToken: String? {
        get { defaults.string(forKey: Keys.userToken) }
        set { defaults.set(newValue, forKey: Keys.userToken) }
    }
}

// 2. Core Data 堆栈
final class CoreDataStack {
    static let shared = CoreDataStack()

    lazy var persistentContainer: NSPersistentContainer = {
        let container = NSPersistentContainer(name: "MyApp")
        container.loadPersistentStores { _, error in
            if let error = error as NSError? {
                fatalError("无法加载持久化存储：\(error), \(error.userInfo)")
            }
        }
        container.viewContext.automaticallyMergesChangesFromParent = true
        return container
    }()

    var viewContext: NSManagedObjectContext {
        persistentContainer.viewContext
    }

    func saveContext() {
        let context = viewContext
        if context.hasChanges {
            do {
                try context.save()
            } catch {
                let nserror = error as NSError
                print("保存上下文错误：\(nserror), \(nserror.userInfo)")
            }
        }
    }

    func newBackgroundContext() -> NSManagedObjectContext {
        persistentContainer.newBackgroundContext()
    }
}

// 3. SwiftData 示例（iOS 17+）
import SwiftData

@Model
final class TodoItem {
    var id: UUID
    var title: String
    var isCompleted: Bool
    var createdAt: Date
    var dueDate: Date?

    init(id: UUID = UUID(), title: String, isCompleted: Bool = false, createdAt: Date = Date(), dueDate: Date? = nil) {
        self.id = id
        self.title = title
        self.isCompleted = isCompleted
        self.createdAt = createdAt
        self.dueDate = dueDate
    }
}

依赖管理

swift

// 使用 Swift Package Manager 的 Package.swift
// swift-tools-version:5.9
import PackageDescription

let package = Package(
    name: "MyApp",
    platforms: [
        .iOS(.v15),
        .macOS(.v12)
    ],
    products: [
        .library(
            name: "MyApp",
            targets: ["MyApp"])
    ],
    dependencies: [
        .package(url: "https://github.com/Alamofire/Alamofire.git", from: "5.8.0"),
        .package(url: "https://github.com/pointfreeco/swift-composable-architecture.git", from: "1.0.0"),
        .package(url: "https://github.com/realm/realm-swift.git", exact: "10.45.0")
    ],
    targets: [
        .target(
            name: "MyApp",
            dependencies: [
                "Alamofire",
                .product(name: "ComposableArchitecture", package: "swift-composable-architecture"),
                "RealmSwift"
            ]),
        .testTarget(
            name: "MyAppTests",
            dependencies: ["MyApp"])
    ]
)

测试实践

单元测试

swift

// Calculator.swift
struct Calculator {
    func add(_ a: Double, _ b: Double) -> Double {
        a + b
    }

    func divide(_ a: Double, by b: Double) throws -> Double {
        guard b != 0 else {
            throw CalculatorError.divisionByZero
        }
        return a / b
    }
}

enum CalculatorError: Error {
    case divisionByZero
}

// CalculatorTests.swift
import XCTest
@testable import MyApp

final class CalculatorTests: XCTestCase {
    var sut: Calculator!

    override func setUp() {
        super.setUp()
        sut = Calculator()
    }

    override func tearDown() {
        sut = nil
        super.tearDown()
    }

    func testAdd_twoPositiveNumbers_returnsCorrectSum() {
        // Given
        let a = 5.0
        let b = 3.0

        // When
        let result = sut.add(a, b)

        // Then
        XCTAssertEqual(result, 8.0)
    }

    func testDivide_byZero_throwsError() {
        // Given
        let a = 10.0
        let b = 0.0

        // When/Then
        XCTAssertThrowsError(try sut.divide(a, by: b)) { error in
            XCTAssertEqual(error as? CalculatorError, .divisionByZero)
        }
    }

    func testPerformanceExample() throws {
        measure {
            for _ in 0..<1000 {
                _ = sut.add(1, 2)
            }
        }
    }
}

UI 测试

swift

// MyAppUITests.swift
import XCTest

final class MyAppUITests: XCTestCase {
    var app: XCUIApplication!

    override func setUpWithError() throws {
        continueAfterFailure = false
        app = XCUIApplication()
        app.launch()
    }

    override func tearDownWithError() throws {
        app = nil
    }

    func testLoginFlow() throws {
        // 导航到登录页面
        app.navigationBars["Home"].buttons["Settings"].tap()

        // 输入账号密码
        let emailTextField = app.textFields["Email"]
        emailTextField.tap()
        emailTextField.typeText("test@example.com")

        let passwordSecureTextField = app.secureTextFields["Password"]
        passwordSecureTextField.tap()
        passwordSecureTextField.typeText("password123")

        // 点击登录按钮
        app.buttons["Login"].tap()

        // 验证登录成功
        let welcomeLabel = app.staticTexts["Welcome, test@example.com"]
        XCTAssertTrue(welcomeLabel.waitForExistence(timeout: 5))
    }

    func testLaunchPerformance() throws {
        measure(metrics: [XCTApplicationLaunchMetric()]) {
            XCUIApplication().launch()
        }
    }
}

常见问题解决

Xcode 构建问题

bash

# 清理构建缓存
xcodebuild clean -project MyApp.xcodeproj -scheme MyApp

# 删除派生数据
rm -rf ~/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/MyApp-*

# 重启 Xcode
killall Xcode

# 更新 Swift Package
swift package update

# 检查依赖冲突
swift package resolve --verbose

# 查看详细的构建日志
xcodebuild -project MyApp.xcodeproj -scheme MyApp build OTHER_SWIFT_FLAGS="-verbose" 2>&1 | head -100

模拟器问题

bash

# 重置模拟器
xcrun simctl erase all

# 删除所有模拟器并重新创建
xcrun simctl delete all
xcodebuild -downloadPlatform iOS

# 清除模拟器日志
rm -rf ~/Library/Logs/CoreSimulator/*

# 重置模拟器服务
killall -9 com.apple.CoreSimulator.CoreSimulatorService

# 检查模拟器状态
xcrun simctl list devices available

# 修复模拟器权限问题
sudo chmod -R 777 ~/Library/Developer/CoreSimulator/Devices

证书和签名问题

bash

# 查看可用的代码签名身份
security find-identity -v -p codesigning

# 查看证书
security find-certificate -c "Apple Development"

# 修复钥匙串访问权限
sudo killall -9 securityd

# 重新下载Provisioning Profile
xcodebuild -mapsDownload

# 重置签署状态
rm -rf ~/Library/MobileDevice/Provisioning\ Profiles
xcodebuild -mapsDownload

# 手动签署
codesign --force --sign "Apple Development" --entitlements entitlements.plist MyApp.ipa

App Store 提交流程

bash

# 1. 配置 App Store Connect
# 在 Xcode 中：Product -> Archive -> Upload to App Store Connect

# 2. 使用 altool 上传
xcrun altool --upload-app -f MyApp.ipa -u "apple_id@email.com" -p "app_specific_password"

# 3. 检查上传状态
xcrun altool --list-apps -u "apple_id@email.com" -p "app_specific_password"

# 4. 使用 Transporter 上传（图形界面）
open -a Transporter MyApp.ipa

性能分析

bash

# 使用 Instruments 分析
xcrun instruments -template "Time Profiler" -target MyApp.app -output trace.tracedata

# 使用 SwiftUI 调试
# 在代码中添加
# .onAppear { print("View appeared") }
# .onDisappear { print("View disappeared") }

# 内存泄漏检测
# Xcode -> Debug -> Simulate Memory Warning

# Core Animation 调试
# Xcode -> Debug -> View Debugging -> Rendering -> Color Offscreen Rendered
# Xcode -> Debug -> View Debugging -> Rendering -> Flash Updated Regions

iOS ​

核心特性 ​

系统架构 ​

主要特性 ​

版本演进 ​

系统配置与管理 ​

开发者选项 ​

应用管理 ​

权限管理 ​

命令行工具 ​

Xcode 命令行工具 ​

Xcodebuild 常用命令 ​

Swift Package Manager ​

其他常用命令 ​

开发环境配置 ​

Xcode 安装与配置 ​

Swift 环境 ​

模拟器管理 ​

环境变量配置 ​

开发最佳实践 ​

项目结构推荐 ​

Swift 代码规范 ​

性能优化技巧 ​

网络请求封装 ​

本地数据存储 ​

依赖管理 ​

测试实践 ​

单元测试 ​

UI 测试 ​

常见问题解决 ​

Xcode 构建问题 ​

模拟器问题 ​

证书和签名问题 ​

App Store 提交流程 ​

性能分析 ​

iOS

核心特性

系统架构

主要特性

版本演进

系统配置与管理

开发者选项

应用管理

权限管理

命令行工具

Xcode 命令行工具

Xcodebuild 常用命令

Swift Package Manager

其他常用命令

开发环境配置

Xcode 安装与配置

Swift 环境

模拟器管理

环境变量配置

开发最佳实践

项目结构推荐

Swift 代码规范

性能优化技巧

网络请求封装

本地数据存储

依赖管理

测试实践

单元测试

UI 测试

常见问题解决

Xcode 构建问题

模拟器问题

证书和签名问题

App Store 提交流程

性能分析